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The following guidelines are based on information found in A Manual for
Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th Ed. by Kate L. Turabian
and from The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Ed. Both books contain the
same basic referencing systems.
Paper Format
- Always check with your instructor to see if he or she has any different
requirements or specifications for your paper.
- Your paper begins with a title page. On the title page, centered on the
paper, you include the name of your university, the full title of your paper,
the course/class information, your name and date, and any other information
that your professor may require.
- Page numbers go in the upper right corner, starting on the first page after
the title page with page 2. The title page should not have any page number
on it.
- Margins are 1" on all sides.
- Double space the entire paper, except block quotations, which are single
spaced and indented four spaces from the left margin.
- Single space the footnotes, endnotes, and the references, with a blank line
between entries.
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Citations
Chicago/Turabian style papers use one of two forms of citations. The traditional
Chicago style paper uses footnotes or endnotes with a bibliography. The newer
Chicago/Turabian style paper use parenthetical notations with a Works Cited
page at the end of the paper. However, here at Gallaudet, teachers, especially
history teachers, prefer the footnotes method, not the parenthetical notation
method. You should check with your teacher to find out which citation style
is required.
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Footnotes/Endnotes
Footnotes are the reference information that appears at the bottom of the page.
Endnotes are the reference information on a separate page at the end of the
body of text, just before the bibliography page. To use footnotes or endnotes,
you place a superscripted number (a half space above the line, like this2)
after the cited material. The superscripted number refers the reader to the
matching number in the footnotes or endnotes where the full citation can be
found. Both kinds of notes include complete bibliographic information when cited
for the first time.
Format for footnotes or endnotes: (Footnotes and endnotes are formatted
the same way).
- The first line of the note must be indented 5 spaces (or by a tab).
- You provide the full bibliographic information (only for the first time
for that particular reference).
- Follow this standard format for most written sources:
- First and Last name, "Article Title," Title of Book (City published:
Publisher, Year published), page.
- Article titles from a magazine or newspaper should be in quotation marks
- Titles of books, journals, magazines, and newspapers should be in italics.
- You do not need to use a "p" or "pp" with page numbers,
unless not using them will cause confusion.
For example, in the text of your paper, you write like this.
| Sample Sentence |
President Jordan said that "Deaf people
can do anything but hear." 3 |
| Related Note: |
3
Michael K. Richmond, The DPN Rallies (New York: Harper, 1990), 89. |
The first time you refer to a source, give the complete information as we did
in the above example. However, for the second and next reference to the same
source (with the same page number) you use Ibid. If the reference is the same,
but the page is not, add the page number, like this: Ibid., 44.
For subsequent reference to the same source, but later in the paper, you use
an abbreviated version of the reference, using the author's last name, a shortened
version of the title, and the page number. For example: Richmond, DPN,
90.
| First reference to the source |
1
Joyce Baker, Images of Women in Film: the War Years, 1941 - 1945
(Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1985), 168-169. |
| Second and next reference to same source |
2
Ibid. |
| Second and next reference to same source,
but with new page number |
2
Ibid., 175. |
| Later reference to same source (not next
to the first reference) |
5
Baker, Women, 180. |
Note: If you cannot use the superscript feature on your typewriter or
computer, you can use standard line spacing.
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Format for most written sources
Standard format for most written sources, for the first reference in the footnotes/endnotes
is:
- First name and last name, "Article Title," Title of Book (City published:
Publisher, Year published), page.
| Book, by one author |
1
Joseph W. Krutch, The Life and Times of Henry David Thoreau (New
York: Sloane, 1948), 103. |
| Book, by two or three authors |
2
Milton Congers, Jeremy Salts, and Gina Hardingham, A Look at Life in
the Deaf Community (Washington, DC: Gallaudet Press,1994), 237. |
| Newspaper/Magazine Article |
6
Katherine S. Marigolden, "New England Debates More Rules to Make the
Best of Its Anti-Gun Laws," New York Times, 23 Oct. 1988, A2. |
| Journal Article |
5
Jonathan Yardley-Smith, "Ten Books That Shaped the American Curriculum,"
American Heritage (May 1985): 24-26. |
| Anonymous Author |
5
"The Death of a Spy," People, 6 May 1988, 24-26. |
| Multi-Volume Source |
9
Norman Graebner, Gilbert C. Fitch, and Philip L. White, A History of
the American People, 2d ed., vol. 2, (New York: McGraw Hill, 1975),
258. |
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Format for other types of sources
| Personal Interview |
8
Vinnie Scallion, interview by author, written notes, Washington, D.C., 24
July 1999. |
| Personal Interview, other |
8
Vinnie Scallion, interview by author, TTY, Washington, D.C., 24 July 1999. |
| Electronic Article |
6
Paula Limber, "Relationships between African Bees & American Bees,"
Science Today, 20 October 2000 [journal on-line]; available from
http://www.sciencetoday.com/articles/001020bees.html; Internet; accessed
29 October 2000. |
| Videorecordings |
9
Kent Babson, An Incident in the Life of a War Widow, PBS Video, Washington,
D.C., 1996. |
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References
The reference (bibliography) page is the alphabetized list of sources that
you used to write your paper. It should be placed at the end of your paper,
on a separate page. It should be titled "Bibliography," "References,"
or "Works Cited" depending on your teacher's specifications. Your
references and your footnotes or endnotes will contain the same information,
but the notes are numbered in the order they appear in your paper, while the
references should be alphabetized by author's last name. Each entry will use
a hanging indent (meaning the first line of the entry is at the margin, and
the next line(s) is indented five spaces). Your word processing software should
be able to provide the hanging indent feature.
The basic format for your reference entries is:
- Last Name, First Name. "Article." Book Title. City published:
Publisher, Year published.
| Book, by one author |
Clawfed, Marilyn. America's
Richest People. Baltimore: Bel Air, 1976.
|
| Book, by two or more authors* |
Congers, Milton, Jeremy Salts,
and Gina Hardingham. A Look at Life in the Deaf Community. Washington,
DC: Gallaudet Press, 1994.
|
| Anonymous Author |
"The Death of a Spy."
People. 6 May 1988, 24-26.
|
| Magazine/Journal Article |
Comptell, Augustine. "Are
We So Beautiful?" Beauty Center, 3 Dec. 1995, 45-50.
|
| Electronic Sources |
Flax, Rosabel. Guidelines
for Teaching Math to K-12. Kansas City: Kansas Department of Education,
1989. Article on-line. Available from http://www.education.gov/ks/k12/math/flax010.html.
|
| Personal Interview, in person |
Fradley, Paul. Interview by
author, 22 Apr 1998, Washington, DC. Written notes.
|
| Personal Interview, other |
Fradley, Paul. Interview by
author, 22 Apr 1998, Washington, DC. E-mail.
|
| Videorecordings |
Babson, Kent. An Incident
in the life of a War Widow. PBS Video, Washington, D.C., 1996.
|
*If a book has two or more authors, the subsequent authors will be listed by
first name and last name, each name separated by a comma.
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